Affirmative Agreement, Negation of a Statement, Command

Affirmative Agreement
Untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata pada suatu kalimat kita bisa menggunakan kata “so”atau “too”. Ada perbedaan pada susunan kalimatnya ketika menggunaan kata “so” dan “too”. Silahkan perhatikan rumus berikut:
Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1.     I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.
2.    You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.

Affirmative statement (to be) + and +                 Subject + to be + too
                                                                              So + to be + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     Their plane is arriving at 7 o’clock, and so is mine.
2.    I am sick, and He is too.
3.    Our class is clean, and so are theirs.
4.    Bella is beautiful, and her sister is too.
5.    My hand writing is bad, and so are you.

Ketika hanya ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), contohnya: will, should, has, have, must, etc pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu nya (auxiliary verb) juga digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1.     He has seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
2.    The girls have seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

Affirmative statement + and +                              Subject + auxiliary verb only + too
       (auxiliary verb)                                                So + auxiliary verb only + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     They will go at noon, and she will too.
2.    He has an early appointment, and so have I.
3.    They have written their lyrics, and so have we.
4.    Richard has lived in Cuba for five years, and they have too.
5.    I should finish the report, and she should too.

Ketika hanya ada kata kerja (verb) tanpa auxiliary verb pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause) dan tenses nya harus sama.
Contohnya:
1.     We go to school = We go to school, and my brother does too.
2.    My brother goes to school = We go to school, and so does my brother.

Affirmative statement + and +                              Subject + (do, does, did) + too
(single verb except ”to be”)                                    So + (do, does, did) + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
2.    My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
3.    My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
4.    They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
5.    Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Negative Agreement
“Either” dan “neither” memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause) dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan “neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”, “auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).
Contohnya:
1.  I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.
2.  I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.

Negative statement + and +                   Subject + negative auxiliary or “to be” + either
                                                                Neither + positive auxiliary or “to be” + subject

Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1.     The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2.    We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3.    You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4.    My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5.    He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

Negation of a Statement

Example 1:  Examine the sentences below.
1. Every triangle has three sides. 2. Albany is the capital of New York State. 3. No prime number is even.

Each of these sentences is a closed sentence.

Definition:

A closed sentence is an objective statement which is either true or false.

Thus, each closed sentence in Example 1 has a truth value of either true or false as shown below.

1.	Every triangle has three sides.	true
2.	Albany is the capital of New York State.	true
3.	No prime number is even.	false

Note that the third sentence is false since 2 is a prime number. It is possible that a closed sentence will have different truth values at different times. This is demonstrated in Example 2 below.

Example 2:
1. Today is Tuesday. 2. Bill Clinton is the President of the United States.

Example 3:  Examine the sentences below.

1. x + 3 = 7 2. She passed math. 3. y - 4 = 11 4. He is my brother.

The sentences in Example 3 are open sentences.

Definition:

An open sentence is a statement which contains a variable and becomes either true or false depending on the value that replaces the variable.

Let's take another look at Example 3.  This time we will Identify the variable for each open sentence.

1.	x + 3 = 7	The variable is x.
2.	She passed math.	The variable is she.
3.	y - 4 = 11	The variable is y.
4.	He is my brother.	The variable is he.

Now that we have identified the variables, we can analyze the meaning of these open sentences. Sentence 1 is true if x is replaced by 4, but false if x is replaced by a number other than 4. Sentence 3 is true if y is replaced by 15, but false otherwise. Sentence 2 is either true or false depending on the value of the variable "she." Similarly, sentence 4 is either true or false depending on the value of the variable "he." In summary,  the truth value of each open sentence depends on what value is used to replace the variable in that sentence.

Example 4:

Given:	Let p represent, "Baseball is a sport."
	Let q represent, "There are 100 cents in a dollar."
	Let r represent, "She does her homework."
	Let s represent, "A dime is not a coin."
Problem:	Write each sentence below using symbols and indicate if it is true, false or open.

1.	A dime is a coin.	~s	true
2.	Baseball is not a sport.	~p	false
3.	She does her homework.	r	open
4.	There are not 100 cents in a dollar.	~q	false
5.	She does not do her homework.	~r	open
6.	Baseball is a sport.	p	true

Example 5:

Given:	Let p represent the closed sentence "The number 9 is odd."
Problem:	What does ~p mean?

In Example 5 we are asked to find the negation of p.

Definition:

The negation of statement p is "not p."  The negation of p is symbolized by "~p."  The truth value of ~p is the opposite of the truth value of p.

Solution:  Since p is true, ~p must be false.

p:	The number 9 is odd.	true
~p:	The number 9 is not odd.	false

Let's look at some more examples of negation.

Example 6:

r:	7 < 5	false
~r:	7  5	true

Example 7:

a:	The product of two negative numbers is a positive number.	true
~a:	The product of two negative numbers is not a positive number.	false

We can construct a truth table to determine all possible truth values of a statement and its negation.

Definition:   A truth table helps us find all possible truth values of a statement.  Each statement is either True (T) or False (F), but not both. Connection:   To help us remember this definition, think of a computer, which is either on or off, but not both.

Example 8:	Construct a truth table for the negation of x.
Solution:	x ~x T F F T

In Example 8, when x is true, ~x is false; and when x is false, ~x is true. From this truth table, we can see that a statement and its negation have opposite truth values.

Example 9:	Construct a truth table for the negation of p.
Solution:	p ~p T F F T

We can also negate a negation. For example, the negation of ~p is  ~(~p) or p.  This is illustrated in the example below.

Example 10:	Construct a truth table for the negation of p, and for the negation of not p.
Solution:	p ~p ~(~p) T F T F T F

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Summary:

A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. A closed sentence is an objective statement which is either true or false. An open sentence is a statement which contains a variable and becomes either true or false depending on the value that replaces the variable. The negation of statement p is "not p", symbolized by "~p". A statement and its negation have opposite truth values.

PENGERTIAN COMMAND AND REQUEST

· Command : is a sentence that orders someone to do something. It ends with a period(.) or an exclamation mark(!)

· Request : is a sentence that asks someone to do something. It ends with a period (.) or a question mark(?).

PERBEDAAN COMMAND AND REQUEST

Command :

 -menggunakan kata kerja untuk pengganti “lah” dalam Bahasa Indonesia

-diakhiri dengan tanda titik (.) atau tanda seru (!)

-digunakan untuk kalimat perintah

-bisa juga menggunakan be sebagai kata kerjanya

-tidak boleh dipendekan menjadi don’t atau sejenisnya

Request :

 -menggunakan tanda titik (.) atau tanda tanya (?) untuk mengakhiri kalimat

-digunakan untuk bertanya atau meminta seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu

-sering menggunakan kata-kata seperti could, would, dll

CONTOH KALIMAT DALAM COMMAND

1. Come here!

2. Open page 21.

3. Write your name on the paper.

4. Do not go there.

5. Go to bed room now.

6. Close the window.

7. Open the door.

8. Be diligent.

9. Do your homework.

10. Sit down!

CONTOH KALIMAT REQUEST

1. Could you help me please?

2. Would you answer the phone?

3. Open the window please

4. Please buy some egg at the market

5. Would you come to my party?

6. Could you write the latter for me?

7. Bring me the glasess please

8. Could you turn on the light?

9. Would you like to join the group?

10. Could you bring my umberella please?

Sumber :

http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol9/negation.html
http://bahasainggrisonandNegativeAgreement013/04/elliptical-constructions.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/affirmative-agreement-and-negative.html

http://hedwigsite.blogspot.com/2012/04/command-and-request.html